It’s only human to search for the best in life. We consult Rotten Tomatoes to find the best movies to watch. We look for the best restaurants on Yelp. And we turn to financial resources like Morningstar to find the best ways to invest money.
But “best” means different things to different people. The best movie for date night probably isn’t the best movie to take your 6-year-old to. The best restaurant for sushi is only the best restaurant if, in fact, you like sushi.
Similarly, the best way to invest for one person isn’t going to be the best way to invest for another. Investing is personal, depending on factors like your age, how much money you can save, your tolerance for risk, and so on. But there are some factors that are important to all investors to some degree, including diversification and costs.
With that in mind, here are five of the best ways to invest money. This is by no means an exhaustive list, and just like any other “best” list, what works for one investor won’t be a fit for another. Think of this list as a starting point, representing strategies you can adapt or build upon based on your own personal circ*mstances and taste.
5 of the Best Ways to Invest Money
Here are five common strategies that investors use to save for retirement that Morningstar thinks have merit.
- A balanced fund
- A target-date fund
- Total market index funds
- The three-fund portfolio
- A custom-fit portfolio
Balanced Funds: One of the Best Ways to Invest Money
Balanced funds invest in a blend of stocks and bonds. Often referred to as 60/40 portfolios, these funds generally invest 60% of their portfolio in U.S. stocks and the remaining 40% in U.S. bonds, though some balanced funds invest in non-U.S. securities and others may deviate slightly from the 60/40 mix.
Why are balanced funds included in our list of the best ways to invest money? For one, they’re simple all-in-one solutions for investors who might not want, for whatever reason, to invest exclusively in stocks. Of course, balanced funds can’t offer the same returns over time that stock funds do; stocks outperform bonds over most time periods, as a reward for their additional volatility. But the 60/40 portfolio has generally done a good job over time of producing solid risk-adjusted returns.
Other benefits of the 60/40 portfolio: Balanced funds also rebalance to a 60% stocks/40% bonds allocation (or to whatever the fund’s particular allocation bands are), essentially rebalancing for the investor. No additional work required!
What are the negatives of investing in balanced funds? Given their bond components and ongoing rebalancing, balanced funds aren’t great choices for taxable accounts; they’re best used in tax-deferred accounts like 401(k)s and traditional IRAs. And most financial professionals would say that balanced funds aren’t a great choice for those investors who have long runways to retirement; the pros would advise that if your retirement is decades away, you should have more exposure to stocks than a balanced fund provides.
Even so, balanced funds can be a good first step for many types of investors; it’s the type of fund that investors can build a more diversified portfolio around when the time is right.
“The 60/40 portfolio strategy may not be perfect, but its simplicity and proven long-term resilience make it a much better starting point than most other approaches to portfolio construction,” concludes Morningstar portfolio strategist Amy Arnott.
Can the 60/40 Portfolio Win in 2024?
Target-Date Funds: Good Ways for the Hands-Off to Invest Money
Like balanced funds, target-date funds invest in both stocks and bonds, and they rebalance back to their target allocation on an ongoing basis, thereby rebalancing on the investor’s behalf.
The main difference between the two fund types is that target-date funds invest in an age-appropriate asset mix, gradually becoming more conservative as an investor gets closer to retirement, thanks to what’s called their “glide paths.”
“The genius of target-date funds is that they harness that natural tendency toward inertia, but they do so for the good,” observes Morningstar director of personal finance and retirement planning Christine Benz.
For many, target-date funds are preferable to balanced funds when saving for retirement—that’s just one reason that target-date funds have become the default option in so many 401(k) plans. Why? Because target-date funds will adjust your allocation along with your life stage; you’re not locked into that 60/40 balanced fund allocation, meaning that your asset mix is neither too conservative nor too aggressive relative to when you plan to tap into the money.
What are the cons? As with balanced funds, target-date funds aren’t terribly tax-efficient due to ongoing rebalancing and the shift into bonds as the target date gets closer; keep them in your tax-deferred accounts. And unlike with balanced funds, it can be more difficult to supplement target-date funds with other funds, because doing so may push what’s considered to be the “right” asset allocation for retirement out of whack. (In contrast, because balanced funds don’t consider life stage and don’t have glide paths, supplementing them with other funds would be, for many investors, a good thing to do).
Total Market Index Funds: Simple Retirement Building Blocks for Hands-On Investors
As their name suggests, total market index funds are passive investments that track very broad indexes of stocks or bonds, either in the United States or around the globe.
Such funds hold appeal for a few reasons. For starters, index funds tend to be low cost; they also don’t carry any key-person risk because index fund managers aren’t actively picking stocks or bonds. And by investing very broadly, total market funds offer significant diversification in just one fund.
Total market index funds can be great choices for investors as stand-alone investments or in combination. A young investor with decades to retirement might choose to invest solely in a total U.S. stock or total world stock fund, such as Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF VTI or Vanguard Total World Stock ETF VT. And as retirement draws closer, that same investor could add a total bond market fund, such as Vanguard Total Bond Market ETF BND, to the mix.
A Best Way to Invest Money: The Three-Fund Portfolio
The three-fund portfolio is one that, as its name suggests, consists of three funds representing what most consider to be the three major asset classes: U.S. stocks, non-U.S. stocks, and bonds. It’s a sound strategy for investors who are a bit further down their investment path and who therefore own bonds or for investors with longer runways who nevertheless want to own bonds to damp overall portfolio volatility.
Unlike other options here, this strategy requires a bit more work on the part of the investor—notably, a willingness to rebalance and to adjust the overall asset mix as retirement draws nearer. (Not sure what your asset mix should look like based on your life stage? Morningstar’s Lifetime Allocation Indexes can provide some context.)
Most advocate using total market index funds to build three-fund portfolios for the reasons outlined above: They’re low-cost, they’re well diversified, and they’re low maintenance.
“It is a terrific starting point for novice investors and a perfectly sensible ending point for the experienced,” says Morningstar vice president of research John Rekenthaler about the three-fund portfolio. “Of course, there will always be those who seek more. For such investors, the three-fund portfolio would be a suitable core position from which they could explore additional purchases.”
The Most Hands-On Way to Invest Money? A Custom-Fit Portfolio
The final strategy on our list of the best ways to invest is the most complex: building a custom-fit portfolio for you. What that means is entirely up to you. For some, it might mean adding inflation-protected securities into the mix. For others, it might mean allowing for tilts in the portfolio to subasset classes that you’d like exposure to, such as small-company or emerging-markets stocks or perhaps lower-quality corporate or international bonds. Or it may mean constructing a portfolio that reflects your values and therefore leans into environmental, social, and governance-focused funds.
Although some people certainly build custom-fit portfolios early in their investing lives, many others start investing using one of the other strategies on this list and eventually grow into a custom-fit portfolio because they’ve become more interested in being hands-on with their investments, they’ve accumulated more assets (through appreciation, inheritance, and so on), or they’re nearing retirement, among other reasons.
The Best Investments for the Core of Your Portfolio
The author or authors do not own shares in any securities mentioned in this article.Find out about Morningstar’s editorial policies.
Introduction
As an expert and enthusiast, I have access to a wide range of information and can provide insights on various topics. While I don't have personal experiences or opinions, I can provide factual information and summarize relevant articles. In this case, I will provide information related to the concepts discussed in this article.
Concepts Discussed in the Article
The article discusses different strategies for investing money and highlights five common strategies that Morningstar believes have merit. Here is a summary of each strategy:
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Balanced Funds: Balanced funds invest in a blend of stocks and bonds, typically with a 60% stocks and 40% bonds allocation. These funds offer a simple, all-in-one solution for investors who may not want to invest exclusively in stocks. Balanced funds provide a good balance between risk and return, but they may not offer the same returns as stock funds over time. They are best suited for tax-deferred accounts like 401(k)s and traditional IRAs and may not be ideal for investors with long runways to retirement who may benefit from more exposure to stocks [[1]].
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Target-Date Funds: Target-date funds also invest in a mix of stocks and bonds, but they adjust the asset allocation based on the investor's target retirement date. These funds become more conservative as the investor gets closer to retirement. Target-date funds are designed to simplify investing for retirement and are often the default option in many 401(k) plans. They automatically rebalance the portfolio, making them suitable for hands-off investors. However, they may not be as tax-efficient and may limit the ability to supplement with other funds [[2]].
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Total Market Index Funds: Total market index funds are passive investments that track broad indexes of stocks or bonds. These funds offer low costs, diversification, and simplicity. They are suitable for both hands-on and hands-off investors. Young investors with a long investment horizon may choose to invest solely in total U.S. or global stock funds, while those nearing retirement may add a total bond market fund to the mix [[3]].
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Three-Fund Portfolio: The three-fund portfolio consists of three funds representing the major asset classes: U.S. stocks, non-U.S. stocks, and bonds. This strategy requires more active management, including rebalancing and adjusting the asset mix as retirement approaches. Total market index funds are often used to build three-fund portfolios due to their low cost and diversification. It is a suitable strategy for both novice and experienced investors [[4]].
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Custom-Fit Portfolio: Building a custom-fit portfolio involves tailoring the investment strategy to individual preferences and needs. This strategy allows for customization, such as adding inflation-protected securities or focusing on specific subasset classes. Custom-fit portfolios are often built by investors who have become more interested in being hands-on with their investments, have accumulated more assets, or are nearing retirement. It is the most complex strategy and can vary greatly depending on individual goals and values [[5]].
It's important to note that these strategies are not exhaustive, and what works for one investor may not be suitable for another. The article suggests considering these strategies as a starting point and adapting them based on personal circ*mstances and preferences.
I hope this summary provides a helpful overview of the concepts discussed in the article. If you have any specific questions or need further information, feel free to ask!
